Aviation Weather Services, Advisory Circular 00-45F is an excellent training aid for all pilots and is published jointly by the National Weather Service (NWS) and the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). This publication supplements its companion manual Aviation Weather, Advisory Circular 00-6A, which documents weather theory and its application to the aviation community. This advisory circular, AC 00-45F, explains U.S. aviation weather products and services. It details the interpretation and application of advisories, coded weather reports, forecasts, observed and prognostic weather charts, and radar and satellite imagery. [ad] Product examples and explanations are taken primarily from the Aviation Weather Center’s Aviation Digital Data Service website (http://adds.aviationweather.noaa.gov/).
Download Complete Aviation Weather Services Advisory Circular
Contents:
1 AVIATION WEATHER SERVICE PROGRAM
1.1 NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION (NOAA)
1.1.1 National Environmental Satellite Data and Information Service (NESDIS)
1.1.1.1 Satellite Analysis Branch (SAB)
1.1.2 National Weather Service (NWS)
1.1.2.1 National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP)
1.1.2.1.1 NCEP Central Operations (NCO)
1.1.2.1.2 Aviation Weather Center (AWC)
1.1.2.1.3 Hydrometeorological Prediction Center (HPC)
1.1.2.1.4 Storm Prediction Center (SPC)
1.1.2.1.5 Tropical Prediction Center (TPC)
1.1.2.2 Alaskan Aviation Weather Unit (AAWU)
1.1.2.3 Center Weather Service Unit (CWSU) 1.1.2.4 Weather Forecast Office (WFO)
1.2.3 Air Traffic Control Tower (ATCT) and Terminal Radar Approach Control (TRACON)
1.2.4 Flight Service Station (FSS) / Automated Flight Service Station (AFSS)
1.3 DISSEMINATION OF AVIATION WEATHER PRODUCTS
1.3.1 Weather Briefings
1.3.1.1 Standard Briefing
1.3.1.2 Abbreviated Briefing
1.3.1.3 Outlook Briefing
1.3.2 Direct Use Access Terminal Service (DUATS/DUAT)
1.3.3 Aviation Digital Data Service (ADDS)
1.3.4 Telephone Information Briefing Service (TIBS)
1.3.5 Hazardous Inflight Weather Advisory Service (HIWAS)
1.3.6 En Route Flight Advisory Service (EFAS)
2 AVIATION WEATHER PRODUCT CLASSIFICATION AND POLICY
2.1 CLASSIFICATION OF AVIATION WEATHER PRODUCTS
2.1.1 Primary Weather Product Classification
2.1.2 Supplementary Weather Product Classification
2.2 TYPES OF AVIATION WEATHER INFORMATION
2.2.1 Observations
2.2.2 Analysis
2.2.3 Forecasts
2.3 CATEGORIZING AVIATION WEATHER SOURCES
2.3.1 Federal Government
2.3.2 Enhanced Weather Information System (EWINS)
2.3.3 Commercial Weather Information Providers
3 OBSERVED TEXT PRODUCTS
3.1 AVIATION ROUTINE WEATHER REPORTS (METAR) AND SELECTED SPECIAL WEATHER REPORTS (SPECI) .
3.1.1 Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR)
3.1.2 Selected Special Weather Report (SPECI)
Table . SPECI Criteria
3.1.3 Format
Figure . METAR/SPECI Coding Format
Figure . SD/ROB Digital Section Information Plotted on a PPI Grid Overlay Example
3.3.2 Examples
Figure . WSR-88D Weather Radar Network Sites .
4 RADAR AND SATELLITE IMAGERY .
4.1 RADAR
4.1.1 Description
4.1.2 Modes of Operation .
4.1.2.1 Clear Air Mode .
4.1.2.2 Precipitation Mode
4.1.3 Echo Intensities .
Figure . WSR-88D Weather Radar Echo Intensity Legend.
Table . WSR-88D Weather Radar Precipitation Intensity Terminology
4.1.4 Products
4.1.4.1 Base Reflectivity .
Figure . WSR-88D Weather Radar Short Range (124 NM) Base Reflectivity Product Example .
Figure . WSR-88D Weather Radar Long Range (248 NM) Base Reflectivity Product Example
4.1.4.1.1 Base Reflectivity Use
Figure . WSR-88D Weather Radar Stratiform Precipitation on the 0.5ºBase Reflectivity Product Example
Figure . WSR-88D Weather Radar Convective Precipitation on the 0.5ºBase Reflectivity Product Example
4.1.4.1.2 Strengths of Base Reflectivity .
4.1.4.1.3 Limitations of Base Reflectivity .
4.1.4.1.3.1 Radar Beam Overshooting .
4.1.4.1.3.2 Beam Blockage .
Figure . WSR-88D Weather Radar Beam Blockage on Base Reflectivity Product Example
4.1.4.1.3.3 Ground Clutter
Figure . WSR-88D Weather Radar Ground Clutter Example
4.1.4.1.3.4 Ghost .
Figure . WSR-88D Weather Radar Ghost Example
4.1.4.1.3.5 Angels .
Figure 0. WSR-88D Weather Radar Angle Example .
4.1.4.1.3.6 Anomalous Propagation (AP)
Figure . WSR-88D Weather Radar Anomalous Propagation (AP) Example . 0
4.1.4.2 Composite Reflectivity 0
Figure . Creation of a Composite Reflectivity product 0
Figure . WSR-88D Weather Radar Long Range (248 NM) Composite Reflectivity Product Example
Figure . WSR-88D Weather Radar Short Range (124 NM) Composite Reflectivity Product Example
4.1.4.2.1 Composite Reflectivity Use
Figure . WSR-88D Weather Radar 0.5º Base Reflectivity versus Composite Reflectivity Comparison.
4.1.4.2.2 Strengths of Composite Reflectivity .
4.1.4.2.3 Limitations of Composite Reflectivity
4.1.4.2.3.1 Radar Beam Overshooting .
4.1.4.2.3.2 Beam Blockage
4.1.4.2.3.3 Ground Clutter .
4.1.4.2.3.4 Ghost .
4.1.4.2.3.5 Angels .
4.1.4.2.3.6 Anomalous Propagation (AP)
4.1.5 Radar Mosaics
4.1.5.1 0.5º Mosaics – Contiguous U.S. and Hawaii
Table . NWS Radar Mosaic Products
Figure . Great Lakes Regional Radar Mosaic Example.
4.1.5.2 0.5º Mosaics – Alaska
Figure . Alaskan Regional Radar Mosaic Example
4.2 SATELLITE
4.2.1 Description
4.2.2 Imagery Types
4.2.2.1 Visible Imagery .
Figure . Visible Satellite Image – U.S. Example .
Figure . Visible Satellite Image – Regional-Scale Example .
4.2.2.1.1 Visible Image Data Legend .
Figure 0. Visible Satellite Data Legend.
4.2.2.2 Infrared (IR) Imagery
Figure . Infrared (Color) Satellite Image – U.S. Example . 0
Figure . Infrared (Color) Satellite Image – Regional-Scale Example .
Figure . Unenhanced Infrared (black and white) Satellite Image – U.S. Example
Figure . Unenhanced Infrared (black and white) Satellite Image – Regional- Scale Example .
4.2.2.2.1 Infrared Image Data Legends
Figure . Infrared (Color) Satellite Image Data Legend. .
Figure . Unenhanced Infrared (black and while) Satellite Image Data Legend.
4.2.3.3 Water Vapor Imagery
Figure . Water Vapor Satellite Image – U.S. Example .
Figure . Water Vapor Satellite Image – Regional-Scale Example .
4.2.3.3.1 Water Vapor Image Data Legend .
Figure . Water Vapor Satellite Image Data Legend.
5 GRAPHICAL OBSERVATIONS AND DERIVED PRODUCTS
5.1 SURFACE ANALYSIS CHARTS
Figure . HPC Surface Analysis Chart Example .
5.1.1 Issuance
5.1.2 HPC Surface Analysis Charts
5.1.2.1 Issuance .
Table . HPC Surface Analysis Charts Issuance Schedule
5.1.2.2 Analysis Symbols
Figure . HPC Surface Analysis Chart Symbols
5.1.2.3 Station Plot Models .
Figure . HPC Surface Analysis Chart Station Plot Model .
Figure . HPC Surface Analysis Chart Ship/Buoy Plot Model .
Figure . HPC Surface Analysis Chart for Aviation Interests Station Plot Model
5.1.2.3.1 Station Identifier
5.1.2.3.2 Temperature .
5.1.2.3.3 Dew Point
5.1.2.3.4 Weather
Figure . HPC Surface Analysis Chart Common Weather Symbols
5.1.2.3.5 Wind
Figure . HPC Surface Analysis Chart Wind Plotting Model .
5.1.2.3.6 Ceiling
5.1.2.3.7 Visibility
5.1.2.3.8 Pressure
5.1.2.3.9 Pressure Trend .
Figure . HPC Surface Analysis Chart Pressure Trends .
5.1.2.3.10 Sky Cover
Figure . HPC Surface Analysis Chart Sky Cover Symbols .
5.1.2.3.11 Water Temperature
5.1.2.3.12 Swell Information
5.1.2.3.13 Wave Information
5.1.2.4 Analyses
5.1.2.4.1 Isobars
5.1.2.4.2 Pressure Systems
5.1.2.4.3 Fronts .
Figure 0. HPC Surface Analysis Chart – North America Example
Figure . HPC Surface Analysis Chart – Contiguous U.S. Example . 0
Figure . HPC Surface Analysis Chart – Northeast U.S. Example 0
Figure . HPC Surface Analysis Chart for Aviation Interests – Contiguous U.S. Example .
Figure . HPC Surface Analysis Chart for Aviation Interests – South central U.S. Example
5.6.2.4 Station Identifier (STNID) .
5.6.2.5 Wind .
Figure . AAWU Alaska Weather Depiction Chart Wind Symbols .
5.6.2.6 Temperature (TMP deg F) .
5.6.2.7 Visibility (VIS) .
5.6.2.8 Dew Point Temperature (DEWPT deg F)
5.6.2.9 Ceiling (CIG)
5.6.2.10 Present Weather (WX) .
Table Alaska Weather Depiction Charts Precipitation Symbols .
Table Alaska Weather Depiction Charts Obstruction to Visibility Symbols
Table Alaska Weather Depiction Charts Precipitation Intensity Symbols .
5.6.3 Use
Figure . AAWU Alaska Weather Depiction Chart – South Central Alaska Example .
5.7 RADAR SUMMARY CHART 0
Figure . Radar Summary Chart Example . 0
5.7.1 Issuance 0
5.7.2 Format . 0
5.7.2.1 Precipitation Type . 0
Table . Radar Summary Chart Precipitation Type Symbols
5.7.2.2 Precipitation Intensity .
Figure . WSR-88D Weather Radar Network
Figure . Radar Summary Chart Precipitation Intensity
5.7.2.3 Echo Coverage
5.7.2.4 Line Echoes.
Table 0. Radar Summary Chart Echo Configuration Symbols
5.7.2.5 Cell Movement .
Table . Radar Summary Chart Cell Movement Examples
5.7.2.6 Maximum Top
Figure . Radar Summary Chart Maximum Top Example
5.7.2.7 Weather Watch Areas .
Table . Radar Summary Chart Weather Watch Area Examples .
5.7.2.8 Operational Contractions .
Table . Radar Summary Chart Operational Contractions
5.7.3 Use
Figure . Radar Summary Chart Example .
5.8 ALASKA INITIAL GEOPOTENTIAL HEIGHTS AND WINDS CHARTS
Figure 0. Alaskan Initial Geopotential Heights and Winds Chart Example
Table . Pressure Altitudes of Alaska Initial Geopotential Heights and Winds Charts
5.8.1 Issuance
5.8.2 Analysis
5.8.2.1 Height Contours
5.8.2.2 Winds
Figure . Alaskan Initial Geopotential Heights and Winds Chart Wind Plotting Model .
5.8.3 Use
Figure . Alaskan Initial Geopotential Heights and Winds Chart – 200MB Winds and Contours Chart Example .
Figure . Alaskan Initial Geopotential Heights and Winds Chart – 300MB Winds and Contours Chart Example .
Figure . Alaskan Initial Geopotential Heights and Winds Chart – 500MB Winds and Contours Chart Example . 0
Figure . Alaskan Initial Geopotential Heights and Winds Chart – 700MB Winds and Contours Chart Example . 0
Figure . Alaskan Initial Geopotential Heights and Winds Chart – 850MB Winds and Contours Chart Example .
6 PRODUCTS FOR AVIATION HAZARDS
6.1 SIGNIFICANT METEOROLOGICAL INFORMATION (SIGMET) .
6.1.1 SIGMET Issuance .
Figure . AWC SIGMET Areas of Responsibility – Conterminous U.S.
Figure . AWC SIGMET Areas of Responsibility – Atlantic Basin
Figure . SIGMET Areas of Responsibility – Pacific Basin
Figure . Center Weather Service Unit (CWSU) Areas of Responsibility, Contiguous U.S.
Figure . CWSU Anchorage, AK (PAZA) Area of Responsibility
6.3.2 CWA Communications Headers (UCWA / CWA) .
6.3.3 CWA Criteria
6.3.4 CWA Format
Figure . Center Weather Advisory (CWA) Decoding Example
Table . Decoding a Center Weather Advisory (CWA) .
6.3.5 Examples
6.4 ADDITIONAL PRODUCTS FOR CONVECTION .
6.4.1 Convective Outlooks (AC)
6.4.1.1 Issuance .
Table . Convective Outlook Issuance Schedule .
Figure . Day 1 Categorical Convective Outlook Graphic Example
6.4.1.2 Format of the Categorical Convective Outlook Narrative
6.4.2 Watch Notification Messages
6.4.2.1 Aviation Watch Notification Message .
6.4.2.1.1 Format of an Aviation Watch Notification Message .
Figure . Aviation Watch Notification Message Decoding Example. 0
Table . Decoding a Severe Weather Watch Bulletin 0
6.4.2.1.2 Issuance
6.4.3 Public Severe Thunderstorm Watch Notification Message .
6.4.3.1 Format of Public Severe Thunderstorm Watch Notification Message .
6.4.3.2 Example of a Public Severe Thunderstorm Watch Notification Message
6.4.4 Public Tornado Watch Notification Message
6.4.4.1 Format of a Public Tornado Watch Notification Message .
6.4.4.2 Example of a Public Tornado Watch Notification Message.
6.5 PRODUCTS FOR TROPICAL CYCLONES .
6.5.1 Aviation Tropical Cyclone Advisory (TCA) .
6.5.1.1 Issuance .
6.5.1.2 Content
6.5.1.3 Format .
6.5.1.4 Aviation Tropical Cyclone Advisory (TCA) Example .
6.5.2 Tropical Cyclone Public Advisory (TCP)
6.5.2.1 TCP Responsibility .
6.5.2.2 TCP Issuance
Table 0. Tropical Cyclone Public Advisory Issuance Schedule
6.5.2.2.1 TCP Intermediate Issuances
Table . Intermediate Tropical Cyclone Public Advisory Issuance Schedule .
6.5.2.3 TCP Content .
6.5.2.4 TCP Format. 0
6.5.2.5 Tropical Storm Public Advisory (TCP) Example.
6.5.2.6 Hurricane/Typhoon Public Advisory Example
6.5.2.7 Intermediate Public Advisory Example .
6.5.2.8 Special Public Advisory Example
6.5.2.9 Public Advisory Correction Example
6.6 VOLCANIC ASH ADVISORY PRODUCTS .
6.6.1 Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) .
Figure . Volcanic Ash Advisory Centers (VAACs) Area of Responsibility
6.6.2 Volcanic Ash Advisory Statement (VAAS)
6.6.2.1 Issuance .
6.6.2.2 Format .
6.6.2.3 VAAS Issued by the Washington VAAC Example .
6.6.3 Volcanic Ash Advisory (VAA) .
6.6.3.1 VAA Issuance .
6.6.3.2 VAA Format .
6.6.3.3 Volcanic Ash Advisory (VAA) Example .
7 FORECAST TEXT PRODUCTS
7.1 AREA FORECASTS (FA) .
7.1.1 Area Forecast Issuance
7.2.3.2.1 Examples of Scheduled Part-Time Observations TAFs
7.2.3.3 Automated Observing Sites Requiring Part-Time Augmentation
7.2.3.4 Non-Augmented Automated Observing Sites
7.3 INTERNATIONAL AVIATION ROUTE FORECASTS (ROFOR)
7.3.1 ROFOR Criteria
7.3.2 Issuance
7.3.2.1 ROFOR Amendments .
7.3.2.2 ROFOR Corrections
7.3.3 ROFOR Content .
7.3.4 ROFOR Examples . 0
7.3.4.1 Majuro to Kwajalein Route ROFOR Example . 0
7.3.4.2 Tarawa to Majuro Route ROFOR Example . 0
7.3.4.3 Santa Barbara and San Francisco to Honolulu Route ROFOR Example . 0
7.4 WIND AND TEMPERATURE ALOFT FORECAST (FB) .
7.4.1 Forecast Altitudes
Table . Wind and Temperature Aloft Forecast Levels .
7.4.2 Format .
7.4.2.1 Coding Example
Table . Wind and Temperature Aloft Forecast Decoding Examples
7.4.2.2 Example for the Contiguous US and Alaska
7.4.2.3 Example for Hawaii and the Western Pacific .
7.4.3 Issuance
Figure . Wind and Temperature Aloft Forecast Network – Contiguous US .
Figure . Wind and Temperature Aloft Forecast Network – Alaska
Figure . Wind and Temperature Aloft Forecast Network – Hawaii
Figure . Wind and Temperature Aloft Forecast Network – Western Pacific .
Table 0. Wind and Temperature Aloft Forecast (FB) Periods
7.4.4 Delayed Forecasts
8 FORECAST CHARTS .
8.1 SHORT-RANGE SURFACE PROGNOSTIC (PROG) CHARTS
Figure . Surface Prog Chart Example .
8.1.1 Content
Figure . Surface Prog Chart Symbols
8.1.1.1 Pressure Systems .
8.1.1.2 Fronts
8.1.1.3 Squall Lines
8.1.1.4 Precipitation
Figure . Surface Prog Chart Precipitation Symbols .
Figure . Surface Prog Chart Precipitation Example
Figure . Surface Prog Chart Precipitation Coverage .
8.1.2 Issuance
Table . Short-Range Surface Prog Charts Schedule
8.1.3 Use
Figure . 12-hour Surface Prog Chart Example .
Figure . 24-hour Surface Prog Chart Example .
Figure . 36-hour Surface Prog Chart Example .
Figure . 48-hour Surface Prog Chart Example .
8.2 LOW-LEVEL SIGNIFICANT WEATHER (SIGWX) CHARTS
Figure 0. 12-Hour Low-Level SIGWX Chart Example .
8.2.1 Content
Figure . Low-Level SIGWX Chart Symbols .
8.2.1.1 Flying Categories
Figure . Low-Level SIGWX Chart Flying Categories Example .
8.2.1.2 Turbulence
Figure . Low-Level SIGWX Chart Turbulence Forecast Example 0
8.2.1.3 Freezing Levels . 0
Figure . Low-Level SIGWX Chart Freezing Level Forecast Example
Figure . Low-Level SIGWX Chart Multiple Freezing Levels Example
8.2.2 Issuance
Figure 0. High-Level SIGWX Chart – ICAO Area A Example . 0
Figure . High-Level SIGWX Chart – ICAO Area B1 Example .
Figure . High-Level SIGWX Chart – ICAO Area F Example .
Figure . High-Level SIGWX Chart – ICAO Area H Example .
Figure . High-Level SIGWX Chart – ICAO Area I Example
Figure . High-Level SIGWX Chart – ICAO Area J Example
Figure . High-Level SIGWX Chart – ICAO Area M Example
9 SUPPLEMENTARY PRODUCTS
9.1 COLLABORATIVE CONVECTIVE FORECAST PRODUCT (CCFP)
Figure . CCFP Example
9.1.1 Issuance
9.1.2 Collaboration
9.1.3 Content
9.1.3.1 Coverage .
Figure . CCFP Forecast Convective Coverage .
9.1.3.2 Confidence
Figure . CCFP Forecast Confidence
9.1.3.3 Movement .
Figure . CCFP Forecast Convective Movement .
9.1.3.4 Data Block
Figure . CCFP Data Block
Figure . CCFP Data Block Example
9.1.3.4.1 Tops .
Table . CCFP Tops
9.1.3.4.2 Growth .
Table . CCFP Growth .
9.1.3.4.3 Confidence .
Table . CCFP Confidence .
9.1.3.4.4 Coverage
Table . CCFP Coverage
9.1.4 Strengths and Limitations
9.1.5 Use
9.2 NATIONAL CONVECTIVE WEATHER FORECAST (NCWF)
9.2.1 Issuance
9.2.2 Content
Figure . NCWF Example
9.2.2.1 Current Convective Hazard Fields .
Figure . NCWF Current Convective Hazard Fields Example .
9.2.2.1.1 Convective Hazard Field Scale .
Figure . NCWF Hazard Scale
9.2.2.2 One-Hour Extrapolated Forecast Polygons
9.2.2.3 Forecast Speed and Direction .
9.2.2.4 Echo Tops .
Figure 0. NCWF One-Hour Extrapolated Forecast Polygon, Forecast Movement Velocity, and Echo Tops Example . 0
9.2.2.5 Previous Performance Polygons. 0
Figure . NCWF Previous Performance Polygons Example .
9.2.3 The ADDS and AWC JAVA display .
9.2.4 Strengths and Limitations
9.2.5 Uses of the NCWF
9.3 CURRENT ICING PRODUCT (CIP)
9.3.1 Issuance
9.3.2 Content
9.3.2.1 Icing Probability
Figure . CIP Icing Probability (3,000 feet MSL) Example.
9.3.2.2 Icing Probability — Maximum .
Figure . CIP Icing Probability – Max Example
9.3.2.3 Icing Severity .
Figure . CIP Icing Severity (3,000 feet MSL) Example
9.3.2.4 Icing Severity — Maximum
Figure . CIP Icing Severity – Max Example .
9.3.2.5 Icing Severity – Probability > 25%
Figure . CIP Icing Severity Probability >25% Example
9.3.2.6 Icing Severity – Probability > 25% – Maximum
Figure . CIP Icing Severity Probability >25% Example
9.3.2.7 Icing Severity – Probability > 50%
Figure . CIP Icing Severity Probability > 50% Example . 0
9.3.2.8 Icing Severity – Probability > 50% – Maximum 0
Figure . CIP Icing Severity Probability > 50% – Max Example
9.3.2.9 Icing Severity plus Supercooled Large Droplets (SLD) .
Figure 0. CIP Icing Severity plus Supercooled Large Droplets (SLD) Example .
9.3.2.10 Icing Severity plus Supercooled Large Droplets (SLD) – Maximum .
Figure . CIP Icing Severity plus Supercooled Large Droplets (SLD) – Max Example
9.3.3 Strengths and Limitations
9.3.3.1 Strengths .
9.3.3.2 Limitations
9.3.4 Uses
9.4 FORECAST ICING POTENTIAL (FIP) .
9.4.1 Issuance
9.4.2 Content
Figure . FIP Example
9.4.3 Strengths and Limitations
9.4.4 Use
9.5 GRAPHICAL TURBULENCE GUIDANCE (GTG) .
9.5.1 Issuance
9.5.2 Content
9.5.2.1 GTG Analysis and Forecast .
Figure . GTG Example .
9.5.2.2 GTG Composite Analysis and Forecast .
Figure . GTG Composite Example 0
9.5.3 Strengths and Limitations 0
9.5.4 Use
9.6 METEOROLOGICAL IMPACT STATEMENT (MIS) .
9.6.1 Valid Period
9.6.2 MIS Criteria
9.6.3 MIS Issuance
9.6.4 Format .
Figure . Meteorological Impact Statement (MIS) Decoding Example
Table . Meteorological Impact Statement (MIS) – Decoding
9.6.5 Examples
Figure . Center Weather Service Unit (CWSU) Areas of Responsibility – CONUS
Figure . CWSU Anchorage, AK (PAZA) Area of Responsibility
10 APPENDIX A: ASOS AND AWOS LOCATIONS . 10-1
Figure A-1. ASOS and AWOS Locations – NWS Alaska Region . 10-1
Figure A-2. ASOS and AWOS Locations – NWS Pacific Region . 10-2
Figure A-3. ASOS and AWOS Locations – NWS Western Region (northern half) 10-3
Figure A-4. ASOS and AWOS Locations – NWS Western Region (southern half) 10-4
Figure A-5. ASOS and AWOS Locations – NWS Central Region (western half) . 10-5
Figure A-6. ASOS and AWOS Locations – NWS Central Region (eastern half) 10-6
Figure A-7. ASOS and AWOS Locations – NWS Southern Region (western half) 10-7
Figure A-8. ASOS and AWOS Locations – NWS Southern Region (eastern half) . 10-8
Figure A-9. ASOS and AWOS Locations – NWS Eastern Region (northern half) . 10-9
Figure A-10. ASOS and AWOS Locations – NWS Eastern Region (southern half) . 10-10
11 APPENDIX B: CONTRACTIONS AND ACRONYMS . 1
12 APPENDIX C: STANDARD CONVERSION CHART 1
Figure C-1. Standard Conversion Chart 1
yea, pilots need to know this material cold, because thats what your body temperature will be when you smack into a granite wall because you only “read” the forecast. Too bad the FAA fired over 2,000 professional weather briefers and allowed Lockheed to destroy what was once an honorable profession and a useful service.
The Washington Post is reporting that more cuts are coming:
FAA Gives Weather Service 2 More Months to Plan Reduction of Forecaster Staff (Washington Post) – Wed, 31 Dec 2008
The Federal Aviation Administration yesterday gave the National Weather Service two more months to recommend how to reduce the number of meteorologists at regional air traffic control centers, effectively delaying a decision on the controversial proposal until after the Obama administration takes office…
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/12/23/AR2008122302502.html?wprss=rss_politics/fedpage